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Programmer

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about people who write computer software. For other uses, see <a href="Programmer_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Programmer (disambiguation)">Programmer (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Coder" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="Coder_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Coder (disambiguation)">Coder (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

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</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Computer programmer</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="Jean_Bartik" title="Jean Bartik">Betty Jennings</a> and <a href="Frances_Spence" title="Frances Spence">Fran Bilas</a>, part of the first <a href="ENIAC" title="ENIAC">ENIAC</a> programming team</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Occupation</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Names</th><td class="infobox-data">Computer Programmer</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Occupation type</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Profession" title="Profession">Profession</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Activity sectors</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Information_technology" title="Information technology">Information technology</a>, <a href="Software_industry" title="Software industry">Software industry</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Description</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Competencies</th><td class="infobox-data">Writing and debugging computer code</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Education required</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Varies from apprenticeship to bachelor's degree, or self-taught</td></tr></tbody></table>

A programmer, computer programmer or coder is an <a href="Author" title="Author">author</a> of <a href="Computer" title="Computer">computer</a> <a href="Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a> – someone with skill in <a href="Computer_programming" title="Computer programming">computer programming</a>.

The professional titles <a href="Software_development" title="Software development">software developer</a> and <a href="Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">software engineer</a> are used for <a href="Job" class="mw-redirect" title="Job">jobs</a> that require a programmer.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Identification">Identification</h2></div>

Sometimes a programmer or <a href="Job_position" class="mw-redirect" title="Job position">job position</a> is identified by the language used or target platform. For example, <a href="Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">assembly programmer</a>, <a href="Web_developer" title="Web developer">web developer</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Job_title">Job title</h2></div>

The job titles that include programming tasks have differing connotations across the computer industry and to different individuals. The following are notable descriptions.

A software developer primarily implements software based on <a href="Specification" class="mw-redirect" title="Specification">specifications</a> and fixes <a href="Software_bug" title="Software bug">bugs</a>. Other duties may include <a href="Code_review" title="Code review">reviewing code changes</a> and <a href="Software_testing" title="Software testing">testing</a>.

To achieve the required skills for the job, they might obtain a <a href="Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a> or <a href="Associate_degree" title="Associate degree">associate</a> degree, attend a <a href="Coding_bootcamp" title="Coding bootcamp">programming boot camp</a> or be <a href="Self-taught" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-taught">self-taught</a>.

A software engineer usually is responsible for the same tasks as a developer

plus broader responsibilities of <a href="Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">software engineering</a> including architecting and designing new features and applications, targeting new platforms, managing the <a href="Software_development_process" title="Software development process">software development lifecycle</a> (design, implementation, testing, and deployment), leading a team of programmers, communicating with customers, managers and other engineers, considering system stability and quality, and exploring software development methodologies.

Sometimes, a software engineer is required to have a degree in software engineering, <a href="Computer_engineering" title="Computer engineering">computer engineering</a>, or computer science. Some countries legally require an engineering degree to be called engineer.<a href="#cite_note-UA210729-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Heinz210223-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jacob200316-3">[3]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

British <a href="Count" title="Count">countess</a> and mathematician <a href="Ada_Lovelace" title="Ada Lovelace">Ada Lovelace</a> is often considered to be the first computer programmer.

She authored an <a href="Algorithm" title="Algorithm">algorithm</a>, which was <a href="Note_G" title="Note G">published</a> in October 1842, for calculating <a href="Bernoulli_number" title="Bernoulli number">Bernoulli numbers</a> on the <a href="Charles_Babbage" title="Charles Babbage">Charles Babbage</a> <a href="Analytical_engine" title="Analytical engine">analytical engine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fuegi-Francis-2003-4">[4]</a>

Because the machine was not completed in her lifetime, she never experienced the algorithm in action.

In 1941, German <a href="Civil_engineer" title="Civil engineer">civil engineer</a> <a href="Konrad_Zuse" title="Konrad Zuse">Konrad Zuse</a> was the first person to execute a program on a working, program-controlled, electronic computer.<a href="#cite_note-Zuse-IEEE-5">[5]</a> From 1943 to 1945, per <a href="Computer_scientist" title="Computer scientist">computer scientist</a> Wolfgang K. Giloi and <a href="Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">AI</a> professor <a href="Ra%C3%BAl_Rojas" title="Raúl Rojas">Raúl Rojas</a> et al., Zuse created the first, <a href="High-level_programming_language" title="High-level programming language">high-level programming language</a>, <a href="Plankalk%C3%BCl" title="Plankalkül">Plankalkül</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Giloi1997-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rojas2000-7">[7]</a>

Members of the 1945 <a href="ENIAC" title="ENIAC">ENIAC</a> programming team of <a href="Kathleen_Antonelli" title="Kathleen Antonelli">Kay McNulty</a>, <a href="Jean_Bartik" title="Jean Bartik">Betty Jennings</a>, <a href="Betty_Holberton" title="Betty Holberton">Betty Snyder</a>, <a href="Marlyn_Meltzer" title="Marlyn Meltzer">Marlyn Wescoff</a>, <a href="Frances_Spence" title="Frances Spence">Fran Bilas</a> and <a href="Ruth_Teitelbaum" title="Ruth Teitelbaum">Ruth Lichterman</a> have since been credited as the first professional computer programmers.<a href="#cite_note-Memorials-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-ABC071204-9">[9]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_software_industry">The software industry</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Software_industry" title="Software industry">Software industry</a></div>

The first company founded specifically to provide software products and services was the <a href="Computer_Usage_Company" title="Computer Usage Company">Computer Usage Company</a> in 1955. Before that time, computers were programmed either by customers or the few commercial computer manufacturers of the time, such as <a href="Sperry_Rand" class="mw-redirect" title="Sperry Rand">Sperry Rand</a> and <a href="IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a>

The <a href="Software_industry" title="Software industry">software industry</a> expanded in the early 1960s, almost immediately after computers were first sold in mass-produced quantities. Universities, governments, and businesses created a demand for software. Many of these programs were written in-house by full-time staff programmers; some were distributed between users of a particular machine for no charge, while others were sold on a commercial basis. Other firms, such as <a href="Computer_Sciences_Corporation" title="Computer Sciences Corporation">Computer Sciences Corporation</a> (founded in 1959), also started to grow. Computer manufacturers soon started bundling <a href="Operating_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Operating systems">operating systems</a>, <a href="System_software" title="System software">system software</a> and <a href="Programming_environments" class="mw-redirect" title="Programming environments">programming environments</a> with their machines; the <a href="IBM_1620" title="IBM 1620">IBM 1620</a> came with the 1620 Symbolic Programming System and <a href="Fortran" title="Fortran">FORTRAN</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a>

The industry expanded greatly with the rise of the <a href="Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computer</a> (PC) in the mid-1970s, which brought computing to the average office worker. In the following years, the PC also helped create a constantly growing market for games, applications and utility software. This resulted in increased demand for software developers for that period of time.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nature_of_the_work">Nature of the work</h2></div>

Computer programmers write, test, <a href="Debug" class="mw-redirect" title="Debug">debug</a>, and maintain the detailed instructions, called <a href="Computer_programs" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer programs">computer programs</a>, that computers must follow to perform their functions. Programmers also conceive, design, and test logical structures for solving problems by computer. Many technical innovations in programming — advanced computing technologies and sophisticated new languages and programming tools — have redefined the role of a programmer and elevated much of the programming work done today. Job titles and descriptions may vary, depending on the organization.<a href="#cite_note-bls-ooh-13">[13]</a>

Programmers work in many settings, including corporate <a href="Information_technology" title="Information technology">information technology</a> (IT) departments, big <a href="Software_companies" class="mw-redirect" title="Software companies">software companies</a>, small service firms and government entities of all sizes. Many professional programmers also work for consulting companies at client sites as <a href="Independent_contractor" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent contractor">contractors</a>. <a href="License" title="License">Licensing</a> is not typically required to work as a programmer, although <a href="Professional_certification" title="Professional certification">professional certifications</a> are commonly held by programmers.<a href="#cite_note-bls-ooh-13">[13]</a> Programming is considered a <a href="Profession" title="Profession">profession</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Coursera-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Indeed-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sartore221222-16">[16]</a>

Programmers' work varies widely depending on the type of business for which they are writing programs. For example, the instructions involved in updating financial records are very different from those required to duplicate conditions on an aircraft for <a href="Flight_training" title="Flight training">pilots training</a> in a <a href="Flight_simulator" title="Flight simulator">flight simulator</a>. Simple programs can be written in a few hours. More complex ones may require more than a year of work, while others are never considered 'complete' but rather are continuously improved as long as they stay in use. In most cases, several programmers work together as a team under a senior programmer's supervision.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types_of_software">Types of software</h3></div>

Programming editors, also known as <a href="Source_code_editor" class="mw-redirect" title="Source code editor">source code editors</a>, are text editors that are specifically designed for programmers or developers to write the source code of an application or a program. Most of these editors include features useful for programmers, which may include color <a href="Syntax_highlighting" title="Syntax highlighting">syntax highlighting</a>, auto indentation, <a href="Auto-complete" class="mw-redirect" title="Auto-complete">auto-complete</a>, bracket matching, <a href="Syntax_checker" class="mw-redirect" title="Syntax checker">syntax check</a>, and allows <a href="Plug-in_(computing)" title="Plug-in (computing)">plug-ins</a>. These features aid the users during coding, <a href="Debugging" title="Debugging">debugging</a> and testing.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Globalization">Globalization</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Market_changes_in_the_UK">Market changes in the UK</h3></div>

According to <a href="BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>, 17% of computer science students could not find work in their field six months after graduation in 2009 which was the highest rate of the university subjects surveyed while 0% of medical students were unemployed in the same survey.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Market_changes_in_the_US">Market changes in the US</h3></div>

After the crash of the <a href="Dot-com_bubble" title="Dot-com bubble">dot-com bubble</a> (1999–2001) and the <a href="Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a> (2008), many U.S. programmers were left without work or with lower wages.<a href="#cite_note-bls-dotcom-2009-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Charette2013-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto1-22">[22]</a> In addition, enrollment in computer-related degrees and other STEM degrees (STEM attrition)<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> in the US has been dropping for years, especially for women,<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto1-22">[22]</a> which, according to Beaubouef and Mason,<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> could be attributed to a lack of general interest in science and mathematics and also out of an apparent fear that programming will be subject to the same pressures as manufacturing and agriculture careers. For programmers, the <a href="U.S._Bureau_of_Labor_Statistics" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics">U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics</a> (BLS) Occupational Outlook originally predicted a growth for programmers of 12 percent from 2010 to 2020<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> and thereafter a decline of -7 percent from 2016 to 2026, a further decline of -9 percent from 2019 to 2029, a decline of -10 percent from 2021 to 2031.<a href="#cite_note-bls-ooh-13">[13]</a> and then a decline of -11 percent from 2022 to 2032.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Since computer programming can be done from anywhere in the world, companies sometimes hire programmers in <a href="996_working_hour_system" title="996 working hour system">countries where wages are lower</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bls-ooh-13">[13]</a> If domestic demand has increased, it is mainly to replace existing programmers who have retired or switched occupations.<a href="#cite_note-auto-28">[28]</a> However, for software developers BLS projects current growth at 17%<a href="#cite_note-auto-28">[28]</a> that is down from their prediction from 2019 to 2029 of a 22% increase in employment, from 1,469,200 to 1,785,200 jobs with a median base salary of $110,000 per year. This prediction is lower than the earlier 2010 to 2020 predicted increase of 30% for software developers.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Charette2013-21">[21]</a> Though the distinction is somewhat ambiguous, software developers engage in a wider array of aspects of application development and are generally higher skilled than programmers, making outsourcing less of a risk.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Another reason for the decline for programmers is their skills are being merged with other professions, such as developers, as employers increase the requirements for a position over time (i.e. <a href="Solution_stack" title="Solution stack">Full-stack developer</a>). Then there is the additional concern that recent advances in <a href="Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> might drastically<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> impact the demand for future generations of Software professions.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Market_changes_in_Japan">Market changes in Japan</h3></div>

As of 2024 in <a href="Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, the demand for programmers is increasing rapidly due mainly to the <a href="Aging_of_Japan" title="Aging of Japan">aging demographics</a> of their workforce and their low birth rate not being sufficient for replacement has led to more use of <a href="AI" class="mw-redirect" title="AI">AI</a> to help fill the gap.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> On the other hand, despite the fact that there are more than 1.2 million programmers in Japan as of 2020, more than 40% of Japanese companies say they do not have enough skilled and qualified IT personnel, including programmers; by 2030, the number of programmers will exceed 1.6 million, but about 800 000 people, including programmers, a shortage of engineers is expected to occur.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Programming_education">Programming education</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="List_of_educational_software#Computer_science" title="List of educational software">Programming educational software</a>, <a href="List_of_free_and_open-source_software_packages#Programming_language_support" title="List of free and open-source software packages">List of open-source programming resources</a>, <a href="List_of_free_and_open-source_software_packages#Cypherpunk_software" title="List of free and open-source software packages">List of open-source cryptography and hacking tools</a>, <a href="List_of_programming_languages" title="List of programming languages">List of programming languages</a>, <a href="Comparison_of_integrated_development_environments" title="Comparison of integrated development environments">Comparison of integrated development environments</a>, <a href="List_of_open_source_code_libraries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of open source code libraries">List of open source code libraries</a>, <a href="List_of_mathematical_art_software" title="List of mathematical art software">List of mathematical art software</a>, <a href="Comparison_of_source-code-hosting_facilities" title="Comparison of source-code-hosting facilities">Comparison of source-code-hosting facilities</a>, <a href="Stack_Overflow" title="Stack Overflow">Stack Overflow</a>, <a href="List_of_computer_books" title="List of computer books">List of computer books</a>, <a href="List_of_computer_magazines" title="List of computer magazines">List of computer magazines</a>, <a href="List_of_software_programming_journals" title="List of software programming journals">List of software programming journals</a>, <a href="List_of_programmers" title="List of programmers">List of programmers</a>, <a href="Hackathon" title="Hackathon">Hackathon</a>, <a href="Hackathon#Datathon" title="Hackathon">Datathon</a>, <a href="Competitive_programming" title="Competitive programming">Competitive programming</a>, and <a href="Game_jam" title="Game jam">Game jam</a></div>

Programming education involves the teaching and learning of <a href="Computer_programming" title="Computer programming">computer programming</a> concepts, <a href="Programming_language" title="Programming language">languages</a>, and <a href="Coding_best_practices" title="Coding best practices">practices</a>. It is offered through various formats, including formal <a href="Bachelor_of_Computer_Science" title="Bachelor of Computer Science">computer science degree programs</a>, <a href="Vocational_education" title="Vocational education">vocational training</a>, <a href="Career_and_technical_education" title="Career and technical education">career and technical education centers</a>, <a href="Coding_bootcamp" title="Coding bootcamp">coding bootcamps</a>, <a href="Libraries" class="mw-redirect" title="Libraries">libraries</a>,<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <a href="List_of_online_educational_resources" title="List of online educational resources">online courses</a>, and <a href="Autodidacticism" title="Autodidacticism">self-directed learning</a>. Educational initiatives often focus on <a href="Problem_solving#Computer_science" title="Problem solving">problem-solving</a>, <a href="Computational_thinking" title="Computational thinking">computational thinking</a>, <a href="Logical_thinking" class="mw-redirect" title="Logical thinking">logical thinking</a>, and the development of <a href="Algorithm" title="Algorithm">algorithms</a>. In <a href="Primary_education" title="Primary education">primary</a> and <a href="Secondary_education" title="Secondary education">secondary education</a>, programming is increasingly integrated into <a href="Computer_literacy" title="Computer literacy">computer literacy</a> curricula through initiatives such as <a href="Hour_of_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="Hour of Code">Hour of Code</a>, <a href="Code_Club" title="Code Club">Code Club</a>, <a href="Learn_to_Code" title="Learn to Code">Learn to Code</a>, and by getting <a href="Computers_in_the_classroom" title="Computers in the classroom">computers in the classroom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> At the <a href="Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">higher education</a> level, programming instruction may include coursework in <a href="Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">software engineering</a>, <a href="Data_structures" class="mw-redirect" title="Data structures">data structures</a>, <a href="Debugging" title="Debugging">debugging</a>, <a href="Software_design" title="Software design">software design</a>, and specialized domains such as <a href="Game_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Game development">game development</a>, <a href="Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a>, <a href="Cryptography" title="Cryptography">cryptography</a>, or <a href="Data_science" title="Data science">data science</a>. Numerous platforms and resources like <a href="List_of_chatbots" title="List of chatbots">AI chat bots</a>, <a href="List_of_educational_software#Computer_science" title="List of educational software">educational programming software</a>, and <a href="Online_integrated_development_environment" title="Online integrated development environment">online integrated development environments</a> have expanded access to programming education.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a>

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<ul><li><a href="List_of_programmers" title="List of programmers">List of programmers</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_programming_languages" title="List of programming languages">List of programming languages</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_development_process" title="Software development process">Software development process</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">Software engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Systems_architect" title="Systems architect">Systems architect</a></li>

<li><a href="Video_game_programmer" title="Video game programmer">Video game programmer</a></li>

<li><a href="996_working_hour_system" title="996 working hour system">996 working hour system</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><a href="Gerald_Weinberg" title="Gerald Weinberg">Weinberg, Gerald M.</a>, The Psychology of Computer Programming, New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1971</li>

<li>An experiential study of the nature of programming work: <cite id="CITEREFLucas2010" class="citation journal cs1">Lucas, Rob (March–April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120424111807/http://www.newleftreview.org/?view=2836">"Dreaming in Code"</a>. New Left Review (62): 125–132. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newleftreview.org/?view=2836">the original</a> on 24 April 2012.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFThompson2019" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Clive (2019). Coders: The Making of a New Tribe and the Remaking of the World. Penguin Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0735220560</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li>The <a href="US_Department_of_Labor" class="mw-redirect" title="US Department of Labor">US Department of Labor</a> description of:

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bls.gov/ooh/computer-and-information-technology/computer-programmers.htm">Computer programmers</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bls.gov/ooh/computer-and-information-technology/software-developers.htm">Software developers</a></li></ul></li></ul>

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